|
Archaeocidaridae
McCoy, 1849, p.253
the ICZN opinion
reference under which each name has been placed on the official list or
index is given at the end of each entry.
affected entries :
- ARCHAEOCIDARIDAE
McCoy, 1849,
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.,
(2)3:
253 (type genus: Archaeocidaris
McCoy,
1844) (Echinoidea). Direction 41 disponible
- Archaeocidaris
McCoy, 1844,
Syn. Char. Carb. Limest. Foss.
Ireland: 173 (retained under full
authority) (genus : female) (type species, by monotypy :
Cidaris urii
Fleming, 1828,
Hist. brit. Anim.:
478) (Echinoidea). Op. 370 disponible.
|
Genre type : confer supra
Description succincte de la famille : lanterne
de grande taille souvent conservée. zones ambulacraires étroites. Pores de
petite taille, identiques disposés de manière unisériée. Interambulacres
avec 4 colonnes de plaques. Les plaques
hexagonales composant les interambulacres sont nombreuses. Elles portent un
grand tubercule primaire perforé dans une aréole large occupant presque
toute la plaque.
|
|
|
|
|
Genre
Archaeocidaris
McCoy,
1844
A synopsis of
the characters of the carboniferous limestone fossils of Ireland,
p.173
Echinocrinus
Agassiz, 1841, Mon. Echin., Monogr. 2: 15
(supprimé en vertu des pleins pouvoirs de par les dispositions du principe
de priorité, mais pas par ceux du principe d'homonymie. Inscrit à l'index
officiel des noms en zoologie, mise à jour octobre 2009) Opinion 370.
Espèce type
Cidaris urii
Fleming, 1828 (désignation subséquente
de Bather., 1907, p.453 )
Extension
stratigraphique (bibliographique,
non vérifiée) : Carbonifère -
Permien
Syn.
-
Cidatrophus
Pomel, 1883, p.113 ; Espèce
type : Archaeocidaris wortheni
Hall, 1858
-
Echinocrinus
Agassiz, 1841, p.15 ; synonyme
objectif, supprimé par opinion ICZN #370 cf. supra
-
Palaeocidaris
Desor, 18461, p.36 ; Espèce
type : Cidarites nereii
Munster, 1843
|
|
|
|
diagnose originale du
genre par McCoy |
Carboniferous
fossils of iralans, 1844, p.173 |
|
Archaeocidaris.
Agass.
Gen. Ch. - Interambulacra composed of three or more rows
of plates, those on each side, next the ambulacra, pentagonal, those
of the intermediate rows hexagonal, as in Palaechinus ; each
plate having in the centre one large, perforated tubercle, surrounded
by an elevated ring, as in Cidaris, each of which tubercles
bears a large, mobile, generally muricated spine.
It is a singular circumstance that, except Professor Agassiz, every
author who has hitherto treated of the Echinodermata of the
mountain limestone, should have referred the hexagonal plates with the
above characters to the genus Cidaris, when a glance at the
recent or Oolitic Cidarites, would be sufficient to shew that in their
entire framework there is not one hexagonal plate, both the ambulacra
and interambulacra being composed each of two rows of
pentagonal plates only, while in the present genus, as in
Palaechinus, thein interambulacra must have been composed of more
than two rows, as is obsious from their hexagonal form : the large,
perforated tubercle, however, is precisely in
|
|
accordance
with that of the true Cidaris, as is also the mode of
attachment and general character of the large spines with which both
genera are armed. Thus, as we have seen, the Echini of the mountain
limestone to differ remarkably as a group from the Cainozoic and
Mesozoic genera, in the complexity of their interambulacra ; so do we
find the Cidarites of the Palaeozoic rocks to differ in the same
character, both from the recent and newer fossil forms : while the
relartion which the recent Cidarites bear to the recent Echini is
precisely equivalent to that which Echinocrinus holds to
Palaechinus. I had long ago distinguished this genus in my MSS.
under the name of Archaeocidaris, subsequently Professor
Agassiz announced his intention of forming the genus Echinocrinus
for the Cidaris Nerii, éc. |
|
|
description du
genre par Jackson |
Phylogeny of the
Echini, with a revision of the Paleozoic species, 1912, p.256 |
|
Archaeocidaris M'Coy
Echinocrinus L.
Agassiz, 1841, p.15 ; Bather, 1907 ; 1909, p.264.
Archaeocidaris
M'Coy Mss., 1844, p.173 ; M'Coy, 1849, p.252 ; Young, 1873 ; 1976 ;
Lovén, 1874, p.43 ; Duncan, 1889, p.11 ; A. Agassiz, 1881, pp.79, 80 ;
Lambert and Thiéry, 1910, p.124.
Palaeocidaris
L. Agasssiz and Desor, 1846-'47, p.340.
Cidarotropus
Pomel, 1883, p.113 ; Lambert and Thiéry, 1910, p.124.
Permocidaris
(pars) Lambert, 1899, pp. 39, 47 ; Lambert and Thiéry, 1910, p.127.
|
The test is depressed spheroidal, ambulacra narrow, sinuous in outline,
conforming to the outline of the massive adradial plates. Ambulacral
plates are low, of uniform character, imbricating moderately adorally
and beveled strougly under the adradials ; the pore-pairs are
uniserial. Interambulacra, in all species where a fairly complete test
is known, with four columns of plates in each interambulacral area.
The adradial plates are pentagonal, but rounded on the adradial suture
line ; plates of the intermediate columns are hexagonal. Each plate
bears a prominent perforate median tubercle with a wide scrobicular
area and a basal terrace, though this terrace, being a slight feature,
may be worn off in eroded plates and is absent (A. rossica) in
young plates dorsallly.
Beyond the border of the scrobicular circle are secondary tubercles
which differ in their number and in the extent of surface which they
cover both in different species and somewhat in plates of different
parts of the test in the same species (A. rossica). Primary
spines are relatively large, often very large, with a concave base,
marked milled ring, and a shaft tapering or enlarged, smooth or
ornamented with striations, spinules, or rarely flange-like vertical
ridges. The primordial ambulacral plates are on the peristome around
the mouth, and the primordial interambulacral plates with additional
rows are resorbed in the advance of the peristome, as there are four
plates in the basicoronal row (Plate 9, fig.8,8). The peristome is
covered with radially situated ambulacral and interradially situated
non-ambulacral plates, all small and imbricating adorally (text-fig.
47, p.80). Ocular and genital plates are doubtful, periproct with many
small angular plates. The lantern is well developed, of the typical
Palaeozoic character (Plate 12, figs.1-8). Of this genus a few species
are known fairly completely, but there are numerous species described
from incomplete material, often only one or more dissociated plates
and spines. Such are most unsatisfactory, often difficult to
distinguish, and doubtless there are too many recognized species, of
little interest except as expressing the geographical distribution of
the genus. With available material the best way, it seems, is to group
the species on the basis of spine characters, associating those
species that have smooth spines, those in which the spines bear low
nodose spinules, and those with spinules more elevated and directed at
right angles to the shaft of the spine, or pointing distally, or
spines with lateral flanges, spines triangular in section, or spines
inflated. This has at least some resemblanc to a natural
classification. The type species, as indicated by Bather (1907, p.
453), is A. urii (Fleming) from the Lower Carboniferous of
Europe.
The genus Archaeocidaris is structurally closely related to the
Cidaridae, but is more complex in that there are four colums of plates
in an interambulacral area instead of two columns. Archaeocidaris may
be derived from some early cidarid, perhaps Devonian or Silurian. The
fact that I describe a true cidarid (Miocidaris canoni) from
the Lower Carboniferous, which is geologically as early as any species
of Archaeocidaris known lends weight to this argument. (See pp.70, 77,
80, 184, 223, 361, 363.)
Lambert and Thiéry (1910, pp.124, 125) under what I consider as
Archaeocidaris recognize two genera, Archaeocidaris, which they say
has interambulacra formed of from five to eight |
|
columns of plates, and
Cidarotropus, in which tehy say that the interambulacra are formed of
four columns of plates. I know no species of Archaeocidaris with more
than four columns of plates in an interambulacral area, and many of
the species which they list in one of their two definite genera are
known only fragmentarily from isolated plates so that the number of
columns in an area is quite unknow.
The proper name to apply to this genus is open to question. As shown
positively by my friend, Dr. Bather, on the basis of priority,
Echinocriunus is the correct name. This name, however, is misleading,
was based by Professor Agassiz on a misconception of affinities, and
has been abandoned for some sixty years in favor of the entirely
appropriate Archaeocidaris of M'Coy. It is not a case of Archaeocidari
being preoccupied but simply of prioprity. To revive the old name,
Echinocrinus, in accordance with rules of nomenclature, will make
confusion at present and in future, and no gain to any one.
As Dr. Bather justly says (1909, p.264), "While there can be no doubt
as to the consequences of the rules, this seems to me just one of
those cases that should be settled by a properly constituted authority
in defiance of the rules." Such being the case, pending the action of
some formal authority, I feel it best to follow the conservative
action of retaining the entirely satisfactory and thoroughly
established name Archaeocidaris. The name Palaeocidaris Agassiz and
Desor is a pure synonym, Cidarotropus Pomel with Archaeocidaris
wortheni Hall as the type, and Permocidaris Lambert with
Archaeocidaris forbesiana (Koninck) as the type, I do not
recognize as distinct genera.
With present knowledge it is impracticable to make a key for
distinguishing each of the numerous and imperfectly known species of
Archaeocidaris. An attempt has been made, however, to give a key that
will distinguish groups of species which have similar characters as
regards the structure of the primary spines, and these will serve as
an aid in identifying any case in hand in which the spines are in
place.
Key to the
Groups of Species of Arachaeocidaris, d'après Jackson, p.258-259 (1)
(1) A number of species of
Archaeocidaris, of of species referable to that genus, which are not
known well enough to intercalate in the systematic series are taken up
later. These are : Archaeocidaris konincki, ladina, scotica,
selwyni, sixi and trautscholdi, Cidarites tennesseae,
Echinocrinus anceps, spinosus and striatus, considered
under Incertae Sedis. Also Archaeocidaris tirolensis, Echinocrinus
cidariformis and pomum considered under Nomina Nuda. |
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 |
|
|
|
diagnose de l'espèce
par Kier,1958 |
New American Paleozoic
Echinoids, p.7 |
|
ARCHAEOCIDARIS ALIQUANTULA Kier, new species
Plate 3C
Diagnosis.—Species characterized by small size, with coarse
radiaplications on interambulacral plates extending from basal terrace
to margin of plates.
Material.—There are many loose specimens and many crowded on slabs.
Ail are flattened and covered with spines, and on many specimens the
secondary spines are still attached. The presence of attached spines,
and the occurrence of a thin layer of marl over the echinoids
indicates that they were smothered and buried by a deposit of
calcareous mucl which prevented disturbance of the tests by scavengers
and currents (Laudon, 1957, p. 963).
Shape.—Probably originally low, with shape similar to
Archaeocidaris inunanis.
Apical system—On paratype U.S.MM. 136467 two plates present
genital 2 with madreporic pores, ocular II with one pore.
Ambulacra.—Only short portions and isolated plates present with
two columns of low uniserial primaries each bearing one secondary
seine. Ambulacra narrow, apparcntly straight, beveling under adambulacral
plates, with approximately four to five ambulacral plates for each
adjacent adambulacral plate at midzone. Each plate bearing flange for
perradial overlap.
Interambulacra.—Broa.d, composed of four columns of thin
imbricating plates. Adambulacral plates pentagonal, higher than wide ;
plates of intier columns hexagonal, wider than high. Plates
imbricating aborally and over ambulacra, each bearing one large
centrally located tubercle deeply perforated with bottom of pit
extending to near base of boss. Basal terrace slightly developed, not
visible on many specimens. Secondary tubercles around margin of each
plate with 25 to 30 on plate at rnidzone coarse radial plications
extending from tubercles, across slightly de4elopecl scrobicule to
basal terrace.
Peristome—Large, 5 mn, in diameter on specimen 13 mm. in
horizontal diameter, covered with mimerons small, low plates
intrricating orally.
Lantern.—Inclined with deep foramen magnum. |
|
Spines.—Primary spines extremely long, over 30 mm., length
greater than horizontal diameter of echinoid. Spines slightly striated,
no spinales, well-developed milled ring, hollow from near tip to near
milled ring with cavity approximately one-half width of spine.
Secondary spines short, striated, present on ambulacral plates,
peristomal plates, and around margin of each interambulacral plate.
Types.—Holotype, U.S.N.M. 136451 paratypes, U.S.N.M. 136452-3.
Horizon and locality.—Mississippian (Kinderhookian—Gilmore City
formation) quarries of Northwestern States Portland Cernent Co. and
Pennsylvania Dixie Cernent Co., about one mile northwest of Gilmore
City, Pocahontas County, Iowa. Collector Lowell R. Laudon.
Discussion.—Of ail the species of Archaeocidaris, this
species resembles most A. blairi (Miller) from the Meramecian
of Missouri. It is distinguished from this species by its less
developed basal terrace and scrobicule, and in having coarse radial
plications extending from the secondary tubercle on the margin of each
interambulacral plate to the basal terrace, as contrasted to A.
blairi in which extremely fine radial plications occur along the
basal terrace but do not reach these secondary tubercles.
Planche 3C
(extrait)
U.S.N.M.
136451
Fig.5
▼ |
U.S.N.M.
136452-3
Figs.6-7
▼ |
|
|
|
|
spécimen conservé
à Museums Victoria collections |
spécimen sans
statut patrimonial |
|
|
crédit
Museums Victoria Collections, Darren HASTIE
specimen P26373
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA, 48 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA, 50 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA, 66 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA, 30
et 43 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA,
diamètre du test 15 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA,
détail des radioles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris aliquantula
Kier,1958 -
Mississipien ancien, Gilmore Formation, Pocahontas Cty, Iowa, USA, 280 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 |
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, 30 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, 55 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, 45 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, 60 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, 61 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, largeur de la zone photographiée 25 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, largeur de la plaque 260 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris brownwoodensis
Schneider & al., 2005 -
Carbonifère, Pennsylvanien, Missourien, Winchell Formation, Brown
County, Texas, largeur de la plaque 270 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris illinoiensis
(Worthen & Miller,1883) |
|
|
|
diagnose originale du
genre par Worthen & Miller, 1883, p.338 |
Palaeontology of
Illinois, class Echinodermata |
|
Archaeocidaris illinoiensis,
Sp. nov.
Pl. XXXI, Fig.
1, a. b.
Primary spines rather stout, cylindrical, tapering very gradually
above the articulating ring to their extremities. Articulating ring
subangular, and from this the spines contract rapidly to the
articulating extremity. Just above the articulating ring the spines
are slightly curved, and above the curvature they are studded with
short sharp spinules that are directed outward and slightly upward
towards the extremity of the spine. The articulating end is perforated
by a round aperture, which extends about to the articulating ring.
The only specimens of this species yet obtained consist of primary
spines, and some fragments of the inter-ambulacral plates, the latter
too imperfect for an accurate description.
|
|
Position and locality : Fram the black beds of the St. Louis
limestone, near the Illinois Furnace, Hardin county, Illinois.
No. 2 475 of the Illinois State collection.
plate XXXI
(extrait)
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris illinoiensis
(Worthen & Miller,1883) -
Mississipien ancien, Saint Louis limestone, Saint Louis, Missouri,
USA, 43 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris illinoiensis
(Worthen & Miller,1883) -
Mississipien ancien, Saint Louis limestone, Saint Louis, Missouri,
USA, 60 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris wortheni
Hall,1858 |
|
|
|
diagnose originale de
l'espèce par Hall, 1858, p.700 |
Report of the
geological survey of the state of Iowa, embracing the results of
investigations made during portions of the years 1855, 56 & 57 |
|
Archaeocidaris wortheni (n.s.)
Plate XXVI. Fig. 4 a -
g.
Body
spheroidal, the central upper portion composed of numerous small
imbricating plates. Interambulacral spaces composed of four ranges of
plates, the two inner ones hexagonal, the others pentagonal, with a
convex side adjoining the ambulacral areas. Central tubercl
papilliform, moderately elevated above the annulation, the space
between it and the annulation slightly concave : annulation thickened
and spreading below into a slightly elevated disc, between which and
the denticulate margin the surface is nearly flat. Plates of the
ambulacral areas in a double alternating series, wide and short
pentagonal, interlocking at thein obtusely wedgeform margins ; each
plate with two oval pores. Spines slender, elongate, slightly curving,
smooth of finely granulate ; articulating extremity expanding from
above into a crenulate annulation, and abruptly contracting below.
This species, in the form of its
smooth spines, is remarkably distinct from the others described ; the
plates are in form and proportions similar to the Warsaw species, but
larger and less concave, as well as less strongly nodose on the
margins.
The specimens under examination show the body nearly entire, and
almost completely flattened. From other fragments it would appear that
the body, in its natural condition, was very depressed spheroidal,
with the sides broadly rounded and base a little concave.
Fig. 4 a. Upper
side of a crushed specimen. The small imbricating plates of the summit
are not well shown in the figure.
Fig. 4 b. Base of
specimen, showing the displaced and crushed plates, with several
broken spines.
Fig. 4 c. A
single plate enlarged, showing the mamillary tubercle, the annulation
and surrounding disc, etc.
|
|
Fig. 4 d.
Profile of the same.
Fig. 4 e. Enlargement
of one of the ambulacral areas and the adjacent plates in outline,
showing the oval pores, etc.
Fig. 4 f. A single
spine, natural size ; length a little more than two and a quarter
inches, imperfect at the extremity.
Fig. 4 g. Enlargement
of a portion of a spine near the base, showing the crenulations on the
edge of the annulation.
Geological formation and locality. In the St. Louis limestone :
Near St. Louis, Missouri.
plate XXVI
(extrait)
|
|
|
|
Archaeocidaris wortheni
Hall,1858 -
Mississipien ancien, Saint Louis limestone, Saint Louis, Missouri,
USA, 146 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|